Business Policy and Strategic Management Research Paper

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Research Paper Example Internal functioning at Southwest Airlines Southwest held the tag of low cost airlines in USA for so many years. However, some internal hiccups led to an unexpected change in its structure and internal functioning. It was considered one of the best companies to work for but increased labor costs and rising fuel prices turned these cordial relations into sour ones. While employees started complaining of low wages, Southwest also suffered as strikes and complaints by employees deteriorated the culture at and image of Southwest. Distanced employee relations and September 11 attack worsened the situation and customer complaints also started rising because of increased demands for safety in flights and long ticketing process. Emergence of other low cost competitors like JetBlue and AirTran threatened the very existence of Southwest Airlines because of which sustaining low prices became a daunting task for Southwest. One implicit reason behind such subtle transformation was the change in l eadership witnessed at Southwest. Herb Kelleher was the person who employees identified with. However, with Gary Kelly replacing Kelleher, problems started emerging as employees lost the bonding and affection they had with the company under the leadership of Kelleher (Katrina 2001).

Difference Between Leadership and Management Essay Example for Free

Difference Between Leadership and Management Essay What is leadership? What is management? Leadership and management are two words that are considered synonymous but describe two distinct concepts. Both are needed in a successful organization. Leadership and management together will build and maintain a successful organization. Interest in leadership in the American culture increased in the early twentieth century and continues to development in context. Behavioral theories evolved to today’s transformational leadership and visionary leadership. All the theories are attempting to identify leadership traits and behaviors. Leadership Term Paper: Excerpt If the role of situations is vital in matters of self-control, how much more significant must it be in connection with social control and leadership. If character varies from situation to situation, then it is fair to assume that leadership likewise varies. Consistency of behavior is doubtless a leadership trait, but behavior may vary according to situations, even on the part of any person. A person may be generally consistent in some situations and inconsistent in others. It is apparently necessary, therefore, to study situations in relation to personality reactions in order to account for ability, or for failure, to lead. Leadership Term Papers: Excerpt Situational leadership often explains leadership unevenness. A person may use leadership technique in a situation for which it is not intended with the result that it does not work well, or it fails. Every after dinner speaker has told more than one joke which he thought appropriate but which fell flat, because there were situational factors that the speaker did not suspect. Whenever a situation contains factors that a leader does not take into consideration, his leadership is endangered. A wise leader knows his situations, or else his leadership displays much unevenness. Leadership Research Paper: Excerpt The situational nature of leadership explains why a leader sometimes seems to contradict himself and to act like a hypocrite even though he loathes hypocrisy. It often happens, as any leader in an administrative position can testify, that a person may act sincerely and honestly in each of two different situations and find that he has contradicted himself, simply because the two situations are contradictory in certain particulars. Loyalty in one situation may contradict loyalty in another. A leader who desires to please is especially subject to this dilemma. Leadership vs. Management There are several distinctions between thoughts of management and leadership; some of the key points are discussed below. I believe that effective management ceases to reach its potential without respected leadership. Although leadership and management are necessary ingredients to creating actualized organizations. 1.Management implements the structures and tasks to create a holistic team of productive employees, while leadership sets the vision and creates an atmosphere where the teams commit to the mission and are encouraged to reach their potential. Management is more of a hands-on approach to ensure leaderships vision and strategy is in congruence with the companies operations. One of the goals of management is to ensure the organization effectively deploys of resources. One of the major goals of leadership is to assist customers and employees to understand the values and mission of the organization while having the responsibility of ensuring those constituencies are committed to the organizations value offering. I feel that leadership responsibility is to identify what the change initiatives need to be in conjunction with employees, customers and suppliers while managements responsibility is to ensure effective implementation of those initiatives. According to Senge; profound change initiatives invariability lead people to a heightened sense of meaning and aspiration. Leadership has the responsibility to ensure the opportunity for meaning and aspiration occur within the organization, great leaders strive to continually inspire such. Management has the opportunity to see to it that meaning and aspiration is actually being achieved while leadership creates the atmosphere for it to thrive. 1.Management challenges the vision of the company, which was created by leadership as to ensure the desired results are being achieved, while leadership identifies continual opportunities for a greater vision. According to Nonaka (quoted from Dance of Change), â€Å"A company is not a machine but a living organism. Much like an individual, it can have a collective sense of identity and shared purpose†¦ a shared understanding of what the company stands for†. Leadership must create opportunities for that shared vision and collective sense of identity to emerge. Leadership can inspire this to happen through management developing initiatives within cross-department relationship building and teamwork building. Management has the responsibility to ensure this takes place while leadership sets the strategy and places the goals high on the corporate agenda. Leadership sets the priorities, while management gets the priorities done. Among many other tasks, Leadership has the responsibility to: 1.Develop an overall strategic vision for the organization or team 2.In conjunction with the organization, drive the desired results 3.Enable an atmosphere which encourages cross-functional teamwork 4.Be in-touch with the organization at all levels 5.Asks the high-level questions and ensures the answers are understood by all in the organization 6.Encourages the organization to explore alternatives and better ways of doing business 7.Assists the organization to see the big picture In contrast among other tasks, management has the following responsibilities: 1.Management includes the actual coordination of processes and work-flows 2.Includes the process of evaluating resources, assessment and measurement of various pieces throughout the organizations 3.Management includes ensuring that all feedback, comments, and innovative change initiative ideas are brought to the forefront of the decision making process 4.Seeks to make the planning process a more successful endeavor 5.Helps to implement the answers to the big questions into best practices for the organization The Role of Leadership in Strategy The role of leadership in strategy includes many facets some that are tangible and some that are not. For example the role of leadership in strategy is to determine what the big picture is and to ensure the organization has a plan for discovering those answers to the big questions. I believe the role of leadership in developing strategy is to create many areas of possibility for the organization and to create an atmosphere where employees feel committed to creating those possibilities. The example provided by Senge about what was happening in South Africa in the early 1990s is a great one. Leadership of South Africa was trying to develop a set of alternative stories about what might happen in South Africa. They came together and developed several stories and tried to examine what the country will look like in the future. Leadership in fact, was trying to shape and define the story and to have this story be as positive as possible for the country. I believe the same high-level story development is the main responsibility of leadership in strategy for an organization at all levels. The role is for the leadership to define how they want the company to interact in the world and to develop a story that is much bigger than the organization. This story must be believed by all participants in the organization and must be walked the talk by leadership. For example the role of leadership in defining one of the key tenants for Whole Foods is â€Å"We Sell the Highest Quality Natural and Organic Products Available†. The role of leadership in developing this strategy is key to the companies fundamental belief system, and many of the employees and customers are committed to this strategy. The role of leadership is to create the vision and ensure it is in real congruence with the organizational realty. How is leadership critical to realizing strategy? I believe without leadership, strategy cannot be truly realized for a sustainable period. For example if there lacks a person or people who rise above and create the vision and see to it, that it is a manifestation throughout the organization, the strategy will be lost at sea. The waves of business cycles and changing resources will ensure the strategy is tossed and turned and will not go on a path toward true-fulfillment of the highest levels of success. Leadership sets the stage for strategy by asking the core questions, shaping the vision, and allowing for an atmosphere, which encourages the awareness and commitment to the strategy. Leadership is critical: 1.It creates a vessel for continuous improvement and adaptation of strategy 1.Ensures the proper questions are asked and answered 2.Creates an atmosphere for growth and change 3.Demonstrates effective behavior 4.Tries to get the highest potential out of resources 5.Creates the strategic vision 6.Brings together key aspects of the strategy The world we live in is changing at an alarming rate as a result of all the new discoveries that have been made over the years. These new discoveries have been aided by the availability of better learning facilities and equipment. These were not available in the early days. As scientists continue to discover and invent new equipment, the world is adapting them and incorporating them in the societies. As a result, the world we are living in is heavily dependent on inventions and machines to carry out tasks. Moreover, as a result of the advanced technology, people are getting more intelligent hence they are able carry out more researches of their own as well as make their own new inventions. In the medical world this has eased management as well as other treatment methods such as surgery.

Difference Between The Syrian And American Culture History Essay

Difference Between The Syrian And American Culture History Essay The Syrian culture involves the culture of the Syrians who are the citizens of the United States of the Syrian nationality or ancestry and also the Syrians living in Syria. The culture of the Syrians is their own culture that they were practicing in their indigenous place while the American culture includes ideals, values, arts, traditions, customs, beliefs and innovations that were developed both locally and imported through immigration and colonization from the British Isles. Most of the prevalent ideals and ideas that evolved domestically in the American culture such as the significant national holidays, American sports, innovations in the entertainment and arts, and proud military tradition give the Americans a strong important sense of national pride among the whole population (Richard Donald, 1991). Syrians highly value strong family ties. Unlike the young Americans, the young Syrians find it unnecessary to leave their families in order to set up their independence; the main reason being that the Syrian society just like the wider Eastern world, the North Africa and the Southwest Asia, place great and high emphasis on the entire group rather than on the individual alone. In the west world, the individual is primary whereas the group is referred to being secondary. In the Syrian societies, the social status and respect are quite important. The men are respected for their sincerity and financial success or also their honesty. The Syrians are always and mostly characterized by their graciousness and magnanimity, ethics which are fundamental to the life of the Syrian. These are however virtuous characteristics but the Syrians have been criticized and all Arabs in general because they have the tendency toward equivocation, overstatement, intense emotionalism, intractability, and at m ost times aggressiveness. The Americans are known to highly encourage individual independence (Alan, 2003). The Syrian music is included in culture and also includes several styles and genres of music that ranges from Arabic pop music to Arab classical and from sacred to secular music. The Syrian music is mostly characterized by an emphasis on rhythm and melody rather than harmony. Some genres are polyphonic of the music of Syrian but most of it is homophonic. Syrian music is known because of the predominance of the vocal music. The musical instruments that the Syrians use include violin, rabab, Ney, oud, tableh, kanun, and riq. The Jews who lived in Syria sang the pizmonim. The modern Syrian music has also incorporated some other instruments from the West which include the cello, electric guitar, oboe and double bass and this includes influences from other jazz and also other foreign musical styles (Alixa, 2003). On the other hand, the American contemporary music is heard all over the world and the artists are famous globally. There is also live music that is popular with high top touring bands which carry the legacy of all jam bands. The popular music among the Americans contains several styles of music that were developed in the United States. These include the hip-hop, country, pop, RB, rock roll, swing, blues, jazz, funk, house among many others. They use the modern instruments partly because it is among the developed regions in the world and has many people who have migrated into the United States and therefore they have the modern culture of music unlike the Syrians (Bashkow, 2006). At the federal level, the Americans have no official language although 30 states have already passed a legislation making their official language to be English and it is now considered to be de facto language nationally. The Syrians on the other hand are Arabic speakers especially the widely known Syrian Arabic which is a dialect belonging to the family of dialects known as Levantine Arabic. The Syrians understand and comprehend the dialects of most of the Arabs. Most of the aged Syrian families are slowly losing their linguistic traditions because most of the parents are not teaching the children any Arabic language. The newer immigrants are well able to maintain their language traditions. The census that was carried out in 2000 showed that nearly 80% of the Syrians who live in America are able to speak English very well. Some of the Syrians are also familiar with French language because in the years between 1918 and 1943 the Lebanon and Syria were under the French rule. There are a lso classes in the United States that offer the Arabic language tutorials (Gosden, 2001). The religion in America is widespread and plays a big role in the lives of the Americans and it is the only country among the developed countries that practices the highest percentage of religious practices. The CIA carried out a survey in the year 2002, and came up with the following report. There are many religions that are practiced in the United States by the Americans unlike the Syrians who are not so much subdivided in terms of their religion. The American Christian comprises 78.5 percent where the Protestants comprise of 51.3 percent, the Roman Catholic comprises of 23.9 percent, the Mormon comprises 1.7 percent and other Christians comprise 1.6 percent. The Jewish religion comprises of only 1.7 percent, the Buddhist comprise of 0.7 percent, the Muslim religion comprises of 0.6 percent of the Americans, the unaffiliated comprises of 12.1% of the Americans, the unspecified Americans comprise of 2.5% and there is a 4% of the Americans who do not belong to any religion (CIA, 2002 ). The Syrians on the other hand are mostly Greek Orthodox. Other Syrians are Catholics who are sub-divided into different types depending on their language and the way that the church services are conducted and also the belief in papal infallibility. Only a few of the Syrians are Protestants. There are also Syrian Muslims who came into the United States after 1965 and are divided into various sects. These are Sunni sect which comprises of 74% of the Syrian Muslims; Alawite sect which originated in Shia Islam though these Muslims argue that there are no enough mosques in the United States and hence are not able to carry out their religious obligations well as required. There are also Syrian Jews who settled mostly in New York in 1908 and there are about 50,000 Syrian Jews who live in the United States (Meyers, 1999). The Americans observe holidays that are derived from the history of the United States, national patriarchs, and religious traditions. The Halloween is one of the widely observed traditions in the United States. This involves dressing up in costumes and also an emphasis on the frightening and bizarre. The Americans also celebrate their Independence Day on the Fourth of July every year. This is the anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence from the Great Britain Kingdom. This anniversary is observed by shooting of fireworks throughout the night and parades throughout the day (Ball, 1998). On the other hand, the Syrians celebrate many religious holidays just like the Americans. These include Christmas and Easter holidays for the Christians. But because most of the Syrians are Eastern Orthodox, they celebrate their Easter Sunday on a different Sunday other than the one celebrated by the other Americans in the United States. Few of the Syrians celebrate their independence day on April 17. The Syrian Jews celebrate the holidays of Jews such as Passover, Purim, Sukkot, Rosh Hashanah, Shavuot and Yom Kippur. There is a similarity between the Syrians and the Americans in their culture as they celebrate some holidays together such as Independence Day, Memorial Day, and Thanksgiving Day. The Syrian Muslims also celebrate the Muslim holidays such as Ramadan, Eid Ul-Fitr and the Eid ul-Adha (Allan, 2003). Most of the earliest Syrian immigrants arrived in the U.S. in search of better jobs and they engaged mostly in basic commerce especially in peddling. These Syrian Americans who were peddlers found their peddling jobs to be comfortable because it needed only mediocre vocabulary and little training. These people served as the medium for distribution for the small products of the manufacturers and this was mostly in dry goods and clothing. Most of these peddlers from Syria were hardworking and therefore successful and were able to raise enough capital to own their own businesses. They became importers and wholesalers and recruited many others and they became successful (Alixa, 1993). The Syrians started to work in different mÃÆ' ©tiers where many worked as engineers, lawyers and physicians; others worked in auto industry and later they were able to work in large fields such as computer science, medicine and banking. The Syrians have a different distribution in terms of occupation than all the Americans. According to a census that was carried out in 2000, 42 percent of the Syrians worked in professional and management occupations, compared with only 34 percent of their counterparts in the entire population. The same census showed that more Syrians worked in the sales jobs than all other American workers. The Syrians were seen to work less in other domains such as transportation, construction, and farming among others than all other American workers. The median level of income earnings for the Syrian women and men is greater than the median of national earning. The Syrian men who were employed earned about $46,058 annually, compared with the $37,057 for the Amer icans and also $41,687 for the Arab Americans. The Syrian families had a greater median income than all other families and also had lower poverty rates when compared with the rest of the general population. The traditional dressing is not common among both the Syrians and the Americans. However, the modern Western clothing is more common and conventional in both the Americans and the Syrians. This is a common practice between the two communities. However, the Syrians wear a shirwal when performing ethnic dances which are baggy, loose pants with some elastic waist. Some of the Syrian women are used to wearing a headscarf to cover their hair usually known as hijab and this is also the case in the American Muslims (Richard Donald, 1991). Dating and marriage among the Syrians is widely and largely acceptable. The traditionalist and conservative Syrians prefer the arranged relationships and openly disfavor the casual dating. The Muslims are allowed to date after a ceremonial engagement has been carried out only with other Muslims and then the two stay together for some time and thereafter a wedding takes place. The Syrians have intermarried with other American Muslims because they share similarities. However there are also differences the marriages of the Syrians are very strong and this is shown by the low rates of divorce among the Syrians unlike in the American families where divorce rates are relatively high. The Syrians tend to bear more children above the average American partners and these Syrians also tend to bear children at their early stages in their marriages. According to the census that was carried out in 2000 in the United States, nearly 62 percent of the Syrians households comprised of married-couple ho useholds unlike in the American households (Allan, 2003). Both the Syrians and the Americans place high premium on education and view education as an important necessity in an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s life and therefore the children of both the communities are taken to school when they reach the age of schooling. However, the Syrians are more highly educated than the average American. The 2000 census revealed that the proportion of the Syrians who have achieved a bachelorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s degree or even higher is 1.5 times that of the American total population. These Syrians now work as druggists, medical doctors, scientists and engineers (Bashkow, 2006). The men and the women in Syria socialize separately except on the rare occasions when the entire family is involved. The art of conversations is a highly prized skill and social interactions are valued a lot. Syrians of the same sex are seen to interact more rather than the interaction between the opposite sexes. The Syrians are affectionate people unlike the Americans who do not mind what other people are doing. The interaction is mostly between opposite sex because of the covert culture of the Syrians and the overt culture of the Americans who are open to embrace culture that will help them to advance (Meyers 1999). In the Syrian culture, the men are considered to be highly ranked than the women whereas the American culture takes these the two, male and female as equal and can be able to carry out all the duties. These two cultures have are different and differ though they still have similarities.

Teenagers Need Safe Sex Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Es

Three million teenagers will contract a sexually transmitted disease and one in three women will become pregnant before they are twenty years old. Teens are contracting sexually transmitted diseases and getting pregnant at an alarming rate causing the government, schools, and parents to scratch their heads. America is the country with the highest teen pregnancy rate in the world. Many are wondering what can be done to stop this. A debate has been going on about whether abstinence only education is doing any good for high school students in America. Abstinence only education teaches teenagers to abstain from all sexual acts until they are married. It does not teach about pregnancy or the different types of contraceptives that are available to prevent pregnancy. On the other hand, there is safe sex education. Safe sex education teaches teenagers facts about intercourse they need to know, acknowledges the potential consequences or risks of sexual behavior, and helps them make better decisions to protect themselves and their bodies. Background There are a few major differences between safe sex education and abstinence only. Abstinence only education is all about, â€Å"just saying no.† They teach to abstain from all sexual acts until marriage. Safe sex education takes a very different approach. It teaches all about sex, the consequences of sex, contraceptives, different STDs, ways to protect yourself from STDs, pregnancy, and other issues regarding teen bodies. There is a debate against these different sex education programs because some think abstinence only education does not have any effect on teenagers while some believe that safe sex education encourages teenagers to engage in sexual behavior. Over 750,000 girls became pregn... ...ted Diseases - STDs. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. . "Facts on American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health." Guttmacher Institute: Home Page. 2009. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. . "The History of Federal Abstinence-Only Funding." Advocates for Youth. July 2008. Web. 9 Mar. 2015. . Michaels, Samantha. "Clarification: Abstinence-only Programs Might Work—for Some." Medill Reports. 3 Feb. 2010. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. . Roleff, Tamara L. Sex. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2002. Print. "SADD Statistics." Welcome to SADD. Jan. 2014. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. . Watkins, Christine. Teen Sex. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2005. Print.

No Cell Phones for Kids

NO CELL PHONES FOR KIDS Cell phone is considered as an important thing in human life nowadays. We no longer rely on public phones that once we did. The cell phones users are not only people that come from the working class, but also children. Is cell phone really that important? There are a lot of disadvantages of using mobile phones which involves children from age six until thirteen. Some people might think that kids should have cell phones. However, I do believe that kids should not have cell phones.Health, financial and social issues are among of the topics that related with the disadvantages of using cell phones for children. Cell phones can be a distraction and used for bullying. Cell phones can be an easy method for cheating is true, too. Also, cell phones can result in sleep deprivation. Spending a lot of time for using cell phones can result in poor grades. Additionally, Phone use can hamper family interaction. Children’s health affected from the use of cell phones be cause it contains magnetic waves.Cell phones contain magnetic waves which is dangerous to human especially young children who immune system does not enough develop yet. They might suffer a severe disease such as brain cancer. Compare to the adult, the children have the potential to be affected is higher. Thus, the use of cell phones affected the children health. Also, it takes time away from children to go out and run with their friends. They prefer to play games or talk to each other by texting rather than to play outside.Another issue that related with cell phones is financial. When the parents let their children to use cell phone from the early age, they tend to get distracted and use it without any limitation. Children will not consider the amount that have to pay when they use the cell phone. Moreover, they tend to follow the latest style of cell phones. They will want to buy the latest cell phones’ design or buy the cell phone’ gadgets, without even considering t he amounts they have wasted.Therefore, cell phones have caused bad effect for financial. The most affected is children social style in terms of friendship and love. In friendship, they are likely to procrastinate when they started to text their friend. They will chit chat until the wee hours in the morning and left their school work. What make it worst is when the fall in their relationship. They will start to bring their phone everywhere and text their partner whenever they can. This irritating symptom will make their academic grades go down and

Mountain Man Brewing Company Case Study Essay

What is the current situation? Mountain Man Brewing Company (MMBC) is a family business founded in West Virginia in 1925 by Guntar Prangel. The company is now operated by Guntar’s grandson, Oscar. Oscar’s son, Chris, is slated to inherit the business in five years when his father retires. Mountain Man (MM) Lager is the flagship product and the only beer currently produced by the company. The recipe for the lager was based on a refined family recipe and is known for its flavorful, bitter taste. By the 1960s, the lager had established itself as a legacy beer with a rich history, and the company continues to maintain its independent, family-owned status which appeals to its core drinkers. By 2005, the popularity of MM Lager in the East Central region of the U.S. had grown to generate revenues of just over $50 million, and the beer held the top market position among lagers in West Virginia. MM Lager won â€Å"Best Beer in West Virginia† in 2005 for the eighth year in a row. What has made MMBC successful & distinguishes it? MMBC has enjoyed success because of several factors. Although it is a regional brewer, it has superb name recognition. A recent study showed that Mountain Man Lager was considered by many to be West Virginia’s best known beer. In addition, it has very strong brand position with consumers favoring MM Lager’s unique taste and quality ingredients from the family recipe. Finally, MMBC has a trained sales force that is very adept and getting its product into the right channels to compete with national breweries. The legacy of the company is its main distinguishing trait from its competitors. As mentioned before, the very strong brand equity has made MMBC stand out as a brewery that has experienced customer loyalty for successive generations. Holding the title of â€Å"West Virginia’s Beer† allows MM Lager to have an ingrained exposure to consumers in the region and act as a natural default for its blue collar patrons. What enabled MMBC to create such a strong brand? To quote the Mission Statement, â€Å"Mountain Man is still standing because we manufacture an exceptional beer with a great brand name, we’ve never lost sight of our core customer, and we’ve never been seduced by the other guy’s market.† MMBC stands for such unique qualities that have been the boilerplate for developing an enriched brand with strong equity. For almost 50 years it held the top market share for lagers of West Virginia in the majority of the states where it was distributed distinguishing them in prime position among competitors. Research of working-class males determined that MMBC was as recognizable as leading manufacturers Chevrolet and John Deere in the East Central region. Besides successful branding efforts in a large  market, MM Lager was priced with an extremely competitive Every Day Value below specialty brands, but above premium domestic brands. This allowed for an aura of authenticity distinguishing it as higher quality than Mill er and Budweiser, for instance, all while gaining incremental revenues from the craft brewers like Sam Adams. MMBC could generate increased turns at registers without having the deep pockets of their competitors. What has caused MMBC’s decline in spite of its strong brand? Analysis of MMBC’s business model requires the backdrop of the U.S. beer industry. Since 2001, U.S. per capita beer consumption has declined by 2.3% due to increasing competition from wine and spirits-based drinks. MMBC’s revenues are down 2% relative to the prior fiscal year. The current state of the company and market conditions suggests that a single product line may be unsustainable. As of 2005, MMBC was the only major regional beer company to not expand beyond its flagship lager product. A segment of the population was still interested in MMBC, but that segment, while loyal, was aging. The rate at which MMBC was building new consumers was only going to replace a fraction of their current buyers. Distributors were discriminating about which smaller brands they would carry, and the percentage of new consumers by age group was continuing to decrease. There have also been numerous uncontrollable circumstances that have been attributed to MMBC’s decline despite their strong brand. Increased taxes and fees to manufacturers have been clearly evident in the rising retail costs of goods in the marketplace. Companies cannot afford to absorb the added expenditures and therefore pass them on to the consumer whom tends to buy less as prices increase; these increases are hitting their pockets on the home front as well. In addition, the average consumer is becoming much more health conscious and has made changes in their preference of alcoholic beverage segment. Beer is very high in calories; for instance, as compared to wine or spirits and decreasing caloric intake has been one of those fairly recent health conscious changes being made. Beer lovers are sticking with their choice of libation; however, substituting a light version of their favorite brand. With these factors on the rise every day and the core demographic of MM Lager reaching an age bracket were considerably less  portions of income are dedicated to alcohol purchases, the brewery has slowly lost market share to the larger domestic brewers that have been fortunate enough to capital to invest on increased advertising and marketing. Should MMBC introduce a light beer? With sales declining and seeking new areas of business growth, Chris Prangel, a recent MBA graduate, is considering a campaign to launch MM Light. Light beer sales in the U.S. have been growing at a compound annual rate of 4%, while traditional premium beer sales, such as MM Lager, have declined by the same percentage. The core age group for light beer drinkers is 25- 44 which extends below the current core age group of MM Lager (men over the age of 45). Currently, MM Lager has a 4-to-1 male-to-female ratio while the light beer category ratio is roughly 3-to-2. Using current rates of decline with profit margin down 6.2% in 2005, 2010 sales of MM Lager will continue to decrease at the current rate of decline. Given the current state of the beer industry, it is reasonable to project that the rate of sales decline will continue to accelerate in the future. In 2005, MMBC was still profitable and could afford to take on the costs of extending its product line; however, each year that the company waited to do so jeopardized its ability to afford new costs. At first glance, there appears to be an obvious opportunity to expand the brand by introducing a light beer to the market. The concern is that a light brew would alienate the core customer base and erode the attributes that make MM a profitable company. MM Light will add additional capital expenditures for plant and equipment upgrades and could potentially hurt sales of the lager as brand loyalty may become threatened. To arrive at a well-informed decision  supported by strong financial calculations, it is first necessary to perform a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis (Exhibit 1). While weaknesses and threats identified are serious, they are few in number when compared to the many strengths and opportunities of expanding the MMBC product line. Because 9.4% of the region’s light beer production was captured by small brewers, there are successes to be had in producing a light beer. In addition, light beer is responsible for more than 50% of all beer sales in MMBC’s East Central region. Even a small percentage of the biggest market had the potential to be valuable for MMBC. Is MM Light financially feasible for MMBC? MMBC must produce a light beer product in order to remain a competitive player in the beer industry. This decision is based on financial projections of sustained profitability. Both industry and company data were initially provided to set the groundwork for these calculations (Exhibit 2). MMBC revenues for 2005 were estimated at $50 million; however, that revenue base was projected to decrease by 2% annually. Additionally, the number of barrels of MM Lager sold in 2005 was approximately 520,000. Regional light beer sales totaled just over 18.7M barrels that year and were estimated to grow at an annual rate of 4% as judged by industry experts. As judged by Chris Prangel, the initial market share for MM Light in 2006 is estimated to be 0.25%. Following Chris’ prognostication, we also assumed an annual growth rate of 0.25% in MM Light revenue for follow-on years. Lastly, we were provided with variable cost per unit data: $66.93 for MM Lager and $71.62 for MM Light. This foundatio nal set of data allowed for a series of critical assumptions to be logically made (Exhibit 2). Break-Even Point (BEP) Analysis In an attempt to demonstrate the viability of extending MMBC’s product line to include a light beer, breakeven point (BEP) analysis was conducted. These calculations were performed for both MM Lager and MM Light as both products will comprise MMBC’s total revenue in years to come (Exhibit 3). It is important to note that MMBC’s fixed costs were partially comprised of aforementioned financial assumptions. SG&A costs for each product line were given, however we chose to allocate an additional $50K in fixed costs for MM  Light to help with label design. Advertising remained consistent with 2005 data for MM Lager, but an additional $750K was added for MM Light as part of an intensive six month marketing campaign. This incurred cost is significant in introducing a new product to the burgeoning light beer market in the east central region. Completing the BEP calculations, we have determined that 66,982 barrels of MM Light and 364,738 barrels of MM Lager must be produced in order for MMBC to break even (Exhibit 3). At a cost of $97/barrel, this is possible for MMBC to achieve by 2008. The following cannibalization analysis provides added detail to support this assertion. MM Lager Cannibalization An increase in MM Light production will require shelf space that had previously be devoted to the MM Lager product. This will directly impact the sales of MM Lager to some degree. Analysis of cannibalization is necessary in order to show sustained profitability despite an anticipated drop in MM Lager sales. Three estimates (Optimistic, Realistic, and Extreme) were chosen for this analysis, each associated with a percentage (5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively) of MM Lager revenue cannibalization (Exhibit 4). In all three cases, as the revenue from MM Lager decreases each year, that loss is offset by the revenue gained from MM Light. Of particular interest is a comparison of Total Revenue (with MM Light) and Total Revenue (without MM Light). Although higher levels of cannibalization negatively affect MMBC’s total revenue each year, the growing revenue of MM Light will continue from 2007-2010 as MMBC earns a larger share of the light beer market. In a worst case scenario of 20% cannibalization of MM Lager, MMBC’s total revenue with  MM Light is projected to overtake its revenue without MM Light by 2009 (Exhibit 4). It is important to consider, however, that extending the product line does not necessary equate to MM Lager cannibalization. Shipping light beer as a standalone product offers MMBC freedom to market to a totally new segment without alienating their existing drinkers. MM Light should not erode sales of their core Lager product as MMBC’s sales were already declining due to erosion by other brewers light beers. Also a brewer with a broad product offering was seen as a more attractive prospect to consumers. According to consumers, additional products not only introduced new drinkers to the brand, but to the brand’s other product lines. If MMBC did not branch out, they are in jeopardy of being dropped from sales channels in their home territory. Additionally, the same amount of effort that supported their single product could be going to support multiple products from a different brewery because MM Light would not require capital expenditures in plant and equipment in the short term due to existing excess capacity in MMBC’s facility Product line extensions help brewers obtain greater shelf space for products and created greater product focus among distributors and retailers. MM Light Marketing Strategies The issue of marketing and advertising the new MM Light product was analyzed using industry data from 2005 along with an aggressive marketing plan for the first six months of production. We examined marketing strategies for introducing MM Light to not only MMBC’s current customers, but also to the growing population of light beer consumers. Basing our calculations off of industry advertising expenditure data from 2005, we segmented our $750K advertising budget for the first six months of 2006 as shown in Exhibit 5. This strategy, based on prior successes throughout the U.S. beer industry, will help gain consumer confidence in our new product primarily through the medium of television. After the first six months of 2006, a refined analysis of marketing alternatives will be necessary in order to judge MMBC’s next steps. Producing a light beer also presents an opportunity for MMBC capture part of the 19.5 million barrels forecasted to sell in 2006. The introduction of light beer will cause a 7% increase in per barrel cost but  given current trends the company needs to change the status quo or risk succumbing to the fate of many other regional brewers (Exhibit 2). MMBC has the chance to tap into a large sales opportunity. Since light beer sales in  U.S. have been growing at a compound annual rate of 4% whereas traditional premium beer sales had declined annually by 4%. Also, younger beer drinkers view MMBC as strong and a â€Å"working man’s beer†. This represents younger people‘s general dislike of â€Å"big business†. It would be effective to entice younger beer drinkers to emotionally and intellectually support the product whil e catering to their general taste for light beer. MMBC has also strategically positioned itself from a marketing perspective as a preferred alternative to large breweries due to its brand and business model. For example, MMBC does not attempt to compete against large breweries directly in its advertising with MM Lager. Instead, they pursue their own style of marketing, chiefly with a trained sales force. What is required is a strategy founded on the principle that MM Light should have a new product name and logo to differentiate it from MM Lager. For example, a bold new label with a subtle, â€Å"by Mountain Man Beer Company† would help further this cause. MM Light should also be marketed as a reducedcalorie beer brought to consumers by the legendary craftsman of MMBC. MM Light needs to set itself apart from the light beer crowd with quality ingredients and complement the bitterness of MM Lager by delivering a rich distinct flavor of its own. The introduction of light beer to MMBC product portfolio represents a classic adapt-or-die scenario. Fortunately for MMBC, its strong brand equity makes it possible to leverage the brand to expand to new products. MMBC must be  aggressive in developing a light beer to take advantage of its brand power, the economic conditions, and its current ability to afford the costs associated with a start-up product. It is imperative that MMBC market its extended product line to customers with the goal of taking advantage of its attention to quality and its niche hold in regional beer brewing.

Guide for a Winner Dissertation on Principles of Psychology

Guide for a Winner Dissertation on Principles of Psychology Welcome to our third and final guide, guide for a winner dissertation on principles of psychology. This guide would prove to be very useful for students who are about to undertake dissertation assignments or research projects before they graduate. In order to make sure nothing goes wrong, we highly recommend that you read our first guide, 10 facts for a dissertation on principles of psychology, and our second guide, 20 dissertation ideas that will work for you. These guides are necessary to lay a good foundation of what you will be including in your dissertation. With that said, here are some steps to follow in order to write the perfect dissertation: Consider What You’d Like to Write About Writing a dissertation can be a tough task if you don’t even know what you are writing about. Furthermore, you should have some interest in a particular topic of Principles of Psychology too (although options are limited), so that you don’t demotivate yourself; this can result in a general lack of quality as far as the dissertation is concerned. Consulting your supervisor for advice is also highly recommended. Remember that you will be writing about something on Principles of Psychology ; it may be a query that currently holds hard beliefs, or perhaps you are trying to solve a problem, or even arguing over a particular thesis statement. Plan and Research Planning ahead of time and maintaining a good routine in order to ensure that you are on your way to completing a good dissertation helps a lot. In fact, if you don’t plan in advance, you will eventually end up delaying or submitting your work late, or maybe not at all. This could be very disastrous for the final reward you’ve been waiting for; i.e. your graduation. In order to save time, sort out specific questions that are strictly related to Principles of Psychology before you start researching. Don’t leave anything at all to a â€Å"last minute attempt† as it will cause you nagging problems in the end. It’s wise to finalize your dissertation weeks before the submission period, so you can proofread it several times and revise it accordingly. Thorough proofreading and making revisions would result in a spectacular dissertation copy that’s nothing short of plausible. How a Dissertation is Structured In order to include everything in this short guide, we’ve compiled a structural list that you should follow. Remember, this is a basic framework and the structure may vary according to your supervisor; therefore, you should consult him/her before proceeding. Here is the basic framework for composing a dissertation: Title, Name, Course, Date, Supervisor A Summary of the whole Dissertation Acknowledgments Table of Contents A brief outline and presentation of your problems/questions/thesis Main body for discussing facts, evidence, evaluation, analysis etc; should be well structured Correctly formatted list of credible sources that you used Appendices Other sections: references, methodology, procedure, literature review, executive summary, recommendations etc. (include these only if asked) Edit for High Quality Composition A dissertation should ideally be 100% original, but some institutions may approve a little plagiarism, if you may call it that. However, it’s expected that you compose a well-written, highly academic one that clearly demonstrates that you’ve researched thoroughly and found the correct evidence or scientific proofs to support your assertions or thesis. In the End†¦ It is considered compulsory to cite the sources you’ve used to compose your dissertation. If you don’t, your paper can be rejected due to plagiarism. You don’t want that, do you? Be crystal clear with your supervisors about the preferred method, technique or format they’d like to see in your dissertation and apply that in order to get acknowledgement for your hard work. That’s it! You can now write a winning dissertation on Principles of Psychology without any hitches whatever.

Whats Wrong with Aint

Whats Wrong with Aint Whats Wrong with Aint Whats Wrong with Aint By Maeve Maddox Back when I taught junior high school English I used to tell my students that they were allowed to use the word aint in their speaking and writing. When they recovered their composure I went on to explain that they could use it in only one context. They could not say or write I aint because there was a standard expression they could use: Im not. They could not say or write He aint, she aint, or they aint because there were standard forms for those: He isnt, she isnt, they arent. They could, however, say or write Aint I? I pointed out that the usual standard form of arent I was not exactly grammatical. Would anyone ever say are I not? My eccentric rule had the effect of making my students think about the verbs is and are. And it made us all realize how seldom anyone has occasion to say aint I? anyway. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingHow to Pronounce Mobile

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, Coursework - 1

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, - Coursework Example My duties as an Advertiser designer will include planning and organizing events of different words, photos and illustrations in the Independent. This must be eye catching to attract a wide audience to read the daily. I will also be involved in putting the portfolios together in the Newspaper to provide a presentable outline to the readers. Finally, I will be required to have excellent persuasive communication and social skills that will be essential in presenting a good storyline of adverts to the readers. Other positions that I will highly associate with to produce presentable adverts to the audience include the multimedia department in providing me with better images or photos for the advertisement. The editorial staff for providing a good story storyline for the advertisements. The staff photographer is also important in advertising and will be useful in providing me with information relating to different products being put on ads. I will also be associated with type consultant to provide a credible material to the audience where he will give reasonable advice on the advertisements. The webmaster will also help me in uploading my adverts on the web, and will need to communicate with him regularly on completion of my work. Finally and most important, is the Advertising director who will have to review my work after completion before presenting to the editors, and the webmaster for publication of the material to the audience. My greatest accomplishment so far, is that during my University education, I managed to qualify with an AA, which places me in a better position in the job market. I have also attended internship opportunities while in college meaning I have gained some experience in the job position. During my University life, I was the president of the journalism club and thus gained a lot in communication skills. In the club, we managed to write articles some of them have been published and recognized which was a great achievement with other

Bonus 4 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bonus 4 assignment - Essay Example The study will focus on bars as the centers to pick the subjects. For the study, three bars have been identified. At the first bar, the researcher sits down, asks a provocative question so as to watch who are the possible subjects at the bar (Dryfoos, 1991). Question: Who hates high school life? After the question, at least a response will be raised and then the respondents will be questioned personally whether they dropped out of school. The choice of the three bars is also based on the information that high school dropouts frequent them. For the study, five subjects are needed from each bar. At the first bar, after questioning those who responded to the first question, it is likely to get a 2/4 school dropout number as the timing will be 11 am – 12 Noon, when non-working, non-school going, dropouts frequent the bar. After identifying the five subjects, they will be assured of their confidentiality, then the survey forms will be administered so the subjects will fill it out (Dryfoos, 1991). The questions will include: How much do you drink and smoke? What were the causes for starting to drink and when? Why did you drop out of school – were you suspended or expelled for drug use, and had you started drinking before dropping out? What effect did the company you kept after dropping out of school play? Did you have trouble during early years of school? Did you perform well at school, and did you have problems at home during your schooling time? (b). Purposive sampling: will involve the study of the entire groups at the three bars during our timing of study: 11 am -12 noon. From interviewing all the members at the bars during that time, the school dropouts will be identified and the information from them compiled. The questions to be asked during the interview include: Are you a high school dropout? If yes, the interview will continue, if NO, they

Life span development of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Life span development of - Essay Example Nearly four months into her pregnancy my wife, reported feeling movements of the baby and the ultra sound scan confirmed that we were to have a girl child. The movements of the fetus in the womb of my wife became more and more pronounced, as the pregnancy progressed into the third trimester. Frequent kicks and shoves seemed to present themselves, which were lulled by wife reacting by attempting to soothe the fetus with her touch. My wife she developed a practice of holding long conversations with fetus. The remarkable feeling was there appeared to be responses from the fetus to the voice of my wife. On July 6, 1981 Nitya Miranda emerged, as the most beautiful baby, I had ever seen. My wife and I were thankful that she was a normal baby. The first few months saw Nitya grow from a fragile baby into a tireless toddler. Her motor skills developed fast and she was quick to stand and walk and then run. That was when it became a merry hell for my wife and me to keep up with her antics. It was also the time when we discovered that she had inherited febrile fits from me and so needed extra care at times of illness in keeping the fever down. By then we had our second child, a son. I observed the protective nature of my wife, when she started to pay less attention to her younger child and became protective of the Nitya, to try as far as possible to prevent her from getting an infection. Nitya was an inquisitive child, opening any unlocked cupboards she could reach or climbing on to chairs and stools to reach things. She also recognized that her mother preferred to sleep with her, when she was ill and gradually made use of this opportunity to get out her bed and slowly creep into the bed next to her mother on a regular basis. I was the bread winner of the family, while my wife tended to the children and the domestic chores. Mine was a marketing job, which required days away from home. In spite of all the attention my wife gave

What is the importance of the United States Constitution Essay

What is the importance of the United States Constitution - Essay Example Every American to follow what is states in the constitution and a breach in the constitution of the country is a legal offence. The presidents, governors as well as all the leaders in the country take an oath that they would abide by the constitution and uphold the constitution for the smooth running of the country. The constitution of the country explains the division of power between the different bodies of the federal government as well the state government. The constitution also draws a line between the state and the federal government and explains the functions that are assigned to both the governments. It is owing to these differences that have been highlighted by the constitution that the states work in collaboration with the federal government for the good of the country as a whole. The constitution thus binds the different segments together for functioning and this provides for the progress of the country. The legal system also runs as per the laws put forward by the constitution of the United States. These laws are to be followed in all the courts and judicial systems in the country whether they are the state courts or the federal courts. Thus, the constitution also promotes the efficient working of the judicial system in the United States. The liberty and the freedom of speech that has been granted to every American are also provided by the constitution of the country. The constitution also allows the bearing of arms for self protection. The civil liberties enjoyed by the nationals as well as the immigrants are thus provided by the points laid out in the constitution. The constitution grants the greatest power to the American people and they can contest against injustice owing to the strength granted to them by the constitution. The constitution of the United States can correctly be called as the highest law in the country that it to be followed by each and every citizen. The president, members of the congress, senate as

International Staffing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Staffing Strategies - Essay Example The basic implication of this staffing strategy is that it provides autonomy to its subsidiaries at very low level which is in fact quite negligible. The actual decision making authority rests with headquarter in an almost centralized manner. As a result all of the strategic decisions are made at headquarter and even some important tactical level of decisions. Only day to day levels of operative decisions are taken at the subsidiary level. Therefore, it is a centralized authority which actually leads and directs the overall operations of the organization. In ethnocentric staffing strategy, generally the key and important staff positions are held by the personnel belonging to headquarter whether those positions are vacant at domestic level or foreign level. The headquarter personnel are given the preference for filling out those vacant positions as they are highly important in nature. However, in case of subsidiaries, the staffing requirements are fulfilled by attracting the pool of c andidates from the home nations such that headquarter does not actively participate in recruiting the employees at the subsidiary level. ... But on the other hand, headquarter also provides an opportunity to the subsidiaries to prepare their own staffing strategies such that the host country nationals can be employed at the relevant subsidiaries. Control and Communication Ethnocentric approach allows headquarter to maintain a mechanism of control and effective communication between headquarter and the subsidiaries. Since the major strategic decision making authority lies with headquarter, therefore, headquarter has a better chance to practice effective control over the management of the subsidiaries and in doing so, the communication channels become quite effective between headquarter and subsidiaries. Step towards Internationalization The biggest advantage of ethnocentric staffing strategy is that it actually provides a platform to those organizations that are intending to expand their business operations outside their domestic market. Since this staffing strategy empowers headquarter and the overall control is maintaine d by that headquarter, therefore, the first step towards going global demands the implementation of ethnocentric strategy as it suits those organizations the most. Transferring Organizational Values to the Subsidiaries One of the main important aspects of this ethnocentric approach is that it actually causes transfer of organizational culture, values, principles, objectives and policies to the newly acquired subsidiary from the main headquarter of the business. As a result, the overall theme, values and principles of the organization rest throughout the organization uniformly at both headquarter and subsidiary level. Polycentric Approach This staffing approach works on the principle that every subsidiary is provided full

American cancer Society and the General Motors Company Problem Essay

American cancer Society and the General Motors Company Problem Analysis - Essay Example American Cancer Society Founded way back in 1913 by a group of 13 doctors and business personalities in New York, The American Cancer Society (ACS) has developed from a small business venture to the much-celebrated organization it is today. The main role of ACS is cancer management under which it knuckles down on cancer prevention and reducing the rates of death caused by cancer. Supplementary to that, the organization further concentrates on providing education to the public on cancer as a whole. Donors majorly fund the American Cancer Society. The World Bank as well as various support groups grants a larger portion of the society’s funds to them. The society receives funds from the services that they offer to the cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). Being a non-profit organization that it is, the organization appears to be unblemished and faultless. However, the society faces a variety of challenges. In the year 2005, there were about 1.37 Million newly registered cases of cance r. The society saw this as an opportunity to make returns out of the cancer patients instead of giving them hope for a better tomorrow. ACS faces allegations citing that it tried to come up with conventional medication techniques of treating cancer instead of focusing on prevention, given that prevention is better than cure. The society has majorly tried to make money out of the large number of cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). The American Cancer Society faces allegations of discrediting potential healthy ways of fighting cancer as proposed by various cancer research experts. The organization has always been in preference of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which though are approved mechanisms of fighting cancer, always are largely unhealthy, and end up killing the cancer patient even before killing the cancer cells (Epstein, 2011). To curb the range of problems that are facing the society, ACS is supposed to restructure its leadership. The entire overhaul should hinge on the ide ology that prevention is the best medicine. ACS should in fact focus on supporting educational programs that enlighten the people on how to go about cancer. Just like both HIV/AIDS, and drug and substance abuse, teachers ought to teach cancer education ought from the junior level schools. In like manner, the society should fully embrace research. The society should support cancer research works across various research institutes and all universities. The society should also encourage the population on practicing healthy lifestyles. Doctors argue that the body under the appropriate situations can be its own doctor. The organization put out good words to the public regarding the food types that one should take heed of, that is, the males who suffer from lung and prostate cancer should avoid smoking tobacco and taking too much alcohol. The same goes out to liver cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). The American Cancer Society should employ gene therapy rather than chemotherapy and radiothe rapy. Gene therapy is the practice of cancer control in the genes that cause cancer. Preventive mechanisms are fruitful in controlling disasters as compared to administering treatment. General Motors Formed in September of 1908, General Motors (GM) is among the best automobile firms in the World. It is now a multinational company with its headquarters situated at Detroit, Michigan. The company enjoys 37 branches around the world manufacturing eleven different brands including GMC, Chevrolet, Buick, Isuzu, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, Cadillac, Holden, and Opel. General Motors is the leading automaker worldwide (Gall, 2011). Despite the success associated with General Motors, the company experiences many challenges that affect the running

What is the importance of the United States Constitution Essay

What is the importance of the United States Constitution - Essay Example Every American to follow what is states in the constitution and a breach in the constitution of the country is a legal offence. The presidents, governors as well as all the leaders in the country take an oath that they would abide by the constitution and uphold the constitution for the smooth running of the country. The constitution of the country explains the division of power between the different bodies of the federal government as well the state government. The constitution also draws a line between the state and the federal government and explains the functions that are assigned to both the governments. It is owing to these differences that have been highlighted by the constitution that the states work in collaboration with the federal government for the good of the country as a whole. The constitution thus binds the different segments together for functioning and this provides for the progress of the country. The legal system also runs as per the laws put forward by the constitution of the United States. These laws are to be followed in all the courts and judicial systems in the country whether they are the state courts or the federal courts. Thus, the constitution also promotes the efficient working of the judicial system in the United States. The liberty and the freedom of speech that has been granted to every American are also provided by the constitution of the country. The constitution also allows the bearing of arms for self protection. The civil liberties enjoyed by the nationals as well as the immigrants are thus provided by the points laid out in the constitution. The constitution grants the greatest power to the American people and they can contest against injustice owing to the strength granted to them by the constitution. The constitution of the United States can correctly be called as the highest law in the country that it to be followed by each and every citizen. The president, members of the congress, senate as

American cancer Society and the General Motors Company Problem Essay

American cancer Society and the General Motors Company Problem Analysis - Essay Example American Cancer Society Founded way back in 1913 by a group of 13 doctors and business personalities in New York, The American Cancer Society (ACS) has developed from a small business venture to the much-celebrated organization it is today. The main role of ACS is cancer management under which it knuckles down on cancer prevention and reducing the rates of death caused by cancer. Supplementary to that, the organization further concentrates on providing education to the public on cancer as a whole. Donors majorly fund the American Cancer Society. The World Bank as well as various support groups grants a larger portion of the society’s funds to them. The society receives funds from the services that they offer to the cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). Being a non-profit organization that it is, the organization appears to be unblemished and faultless. However, the society faces a variety of challenges. In the year 2005, there were about 1.37 Million newly registered cases of cance r. The society saw this as an opportunity to make returns out of the cancer patients instead of giving them hope for a better tomorrow. ACS faces allegations citing that it tried to come up with conventional medication techniques of treating cancer instead of focusing on prevention, given that prevention is better than cure. The society has majorly tried to make money out of the large number of cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). The American Cancer Society faces allegations of discrediting potential healthy ways of fighting cancer as proposed by various cancer research experts. The organization has always been in preference of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which though are approved mechanisms of fighting cancer, always are largely unhealthy, and end up killing the cancer patient even before killing the cancer cells (Epstein, 2011). To curb the range of problems that are facing the society, ACS is supposed to restructure its leadership. The entire overhaul should hinge on the ide ology that prevention is the best medicine. ACS should in fact focus on supporting educational programs that enlighten the people on how to go about cancer. Just like both HIV/AIDS, and drug and substance abuse, teachers ought to teach cancer education ought from the junior level schools. In like manner, the society should fully embrace research. The society should support cancer research works across various research institutes and all universities. The society should also encourage the population on practicing healthy lifestyles. Doctors argue that the body under the appropriate situations can be its own doctor. The organization put out good words to the public regarding the food types that one should take heed of, that is, the males who suffer from lung and prostate cancer should avoid smoking tobacco and taking too much alcohol. The same goes out to liver cancer patients (Epstein, 2011). The American Cancer Society should employ gene therapy rather than chemotherapy and radiothe rapy. Gene therapy is the practice of cancer control in the genes that cause cancer. Preventive mechanisms are fruitful in controlling disasters as compared to administering treatment. General Motors Formed in September of 1908, General Motors (GM) is among the best automobile firms in the World. It is now a multinational company with its headquarters situated at Detroit, Michigan. The company enjoys 37 branches around the world manufacturing eleven different brands including GMC, Chevrolet, Buick, Isuzu, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, Cadillac, Holden, and Opel. General Motors is the leading automaker worldwide (Gall, 2011). Despite the success associated with General Motors, the company experiences many challenges that affect the running

President Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

President Andrew Jackson Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson, Andrew, the seventh President of the United States. His election in 1828 marked the end of the aristocratic tradition in the Presidency that had prevailed since the nation’s beginning. Jackson, a self- made man, frontiersman, and military hero, was the first President from west of the Appalachians. He was identified with a new kind of democracya democracy embracing the entire population rather than only those who were wealthy or owned property.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was neither an original nor a profound thinker, and did not always follow or understand the principles of the â€Å"Jacksonian democracy† that bears his name. However, he did know how to interpret the aspirations and viewpoints of the common people who were clamoring for a voice in government. Jackson was skilled and astute politician, who molded a faction, composed mostly of Southerners and Westerners into the Democratic Party.   Although politically conservative and a believer in states’ rights, he expanded the powers of the Presidency and was fervently committed to the preservation of the Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson had a domineering personality. He was proud, ambitious, and aggressive. Throughout his life, his temper frequently caused him to act hastily or injudiciously, and he was often swayed by personal prejudices. However, his fearlessness, honesty, and loyalty endeared him to wide sections of the populace. His influence was felt well beyond his two terms, and the period from his election to that of Abraham Lincoln is often referred to as the â€Å"Age of Jackson†. Discussions Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was born March 15, 1767, in a backwoods settlement called Waxhaw on the border between North Carolina and South Carolina. Jackson said South Carolina was his birth place, but there has been much controversy on the subject. His father, mother, and two brothers had arrived there in 1765 from Northern Ireland. His parents had been linen drapers. His father, for whom he was named, died in an accident shortly before Andrew was born.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson had attended school for a while before British troops began operating in the Carolinas during the Revolutionary War. Though only 13, Jackson joined a local militia company along with his brother Robert in 1780. Their older brother Hugh had already been killed in the war. After a skirmish with the British in 1781, Jackson and his brother were captured. When a British officer ordered Andrew to polish his boots, he refused and demanded to be treated as a prisoner of war. The angry officer slashed Jackson with his saber, leaving him scarred for life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The brothers were sent to a military prison, where they contracted smallpox. Their mother won their release. But Robert died on the way home. Not long after, Mrs. Jackson died while nursing two of Andrew’s cousins, who were soldiers imprisoned by the British. Andrew was left alone at the age of 14. â€Å"Old Hickory†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson lived at the Hermitage managing his business holdings until the outbreak of the War of 1812, when he volunteered his services and was commissioned a major general of U.S Volunteers. In 1813 Creek Indians massacred the inhabitants of Fort Mims in what is now Alabama. In 1814, Jackson led his troops against the Creeks, routing them at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. His endurance in the field won Jackson the nickname â€Å"Old Hickory,† after one of his soldiers remarked that he was â€Å"tough as hickory†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shortly after being commissioned a major general in the United States Army, Jackson expelled the British from Florida. Then with a motley force that included Jean Lafitte’s pirates, he repulsed a British attack on New Orleans. Ironically, the peace treaty had been signed before the battle was fought on January 8, 1815. Jackson’s victory made him a national hero. In 1818, invades Florida and defeats Seminole Indians. In 1821, was appointed military governor of Florida while also resigned within the year. 1823, he was again elected to U.S Senate from Tennessee and resigns in 1825. Then on 1828 he was elected President of the United States. First Administration (1829- 1833)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson chose his cabinet from among his and Calhoun’s supporters without much regard for their ability. He made little use of the cabinet, except for Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War John. H. Eaton. Instead, he often sought advice from personal friends, who came to be called his â€Å"kitchen cabinet†. Jackson’s replacement of his incumbent officeholders with his friends and allies gave rise to the term â€Å"spoils system†. Jackson did not originate this practice, however, but merely carried it out on a larger scale than previous Presidents had done. During his eight years as President, Jackson replaced about one- fifth of all federal officeholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first crisis of the new administration was caused by the so- called â€Å"petticoat war†. The wives of other cabinet members snubbed Margaret O’ Neal Eaton, wife of Secretary of war Eaton, because she had reputedly had an affair with Eaton while married to her fist husband and because she was a travernkeeper’s daughter. Jackson, remembering the attacks against his wife, angrily came to Mrs. Eaton’s defense. Cabinet members took sides over the issue, with Van Buren aligning himself with Jackson and Eaton in opposition to Calhoun and his supporters. This led to political conflict that continued until Jackson reorganized the cabinet in 1831. The protective tariff, opposed by the agricultural South, was a major issued during Jackson’s first term. Vice President Calhoun contended that South Carolina should nullify or set aside the tariff of 1828, the Tariff of Abominations, because it violated states’ rights. The South Carolina nullificationists were confident that Jackson, a Southerner, would support them, but he was a moderate on the tariff issue, holding some protection necessary. He also believed nullification would lead to dissolution of the Union. In July, 1838, Congress passed a more moderate tariff bill, but it was still considered oppressive by South Carolina. In November, a state convention declared the law null and void. Jackson reacted by sending a warship and revenue cutters to Charleston, warning that â€Å"Disunion by armed force is treason.’ The crisis was resolved when Henry Clay secured passage of a compromise tariff in 1833. This bill satisfied South Carolina, which then repealed the nullification ordinance. Jackson’s early administration had been marked by intense rivalry between Vice President Calhoun and Secretary of State Van Buren, both of whom hoped to succeed him. As Jackson’s first term ended, it became apparent that Van Buren had the upper hand. Calhoun, at odds with the President on nullification, resigned the Vice Presidency in 1832. Jackson had long disapproved of the Bank of the United States, which he regarded as an agency of monopoly and special privilege. When it was proposed to renew the bank’s charter in 1832, four years before its expiration date, he vetoed the measure. Henry Clay made this veto an issue in the 1832 Presidential campaign. The voters supported Jackson, however, and he defeated Clay by 219 electoral votes to 49 and a popular vote of 687, 502 to 530, 189. Van Buren was Jackson’s running mate on the ticker of the Democratic Party. This was the first election in which all candidates were nominated by national conventions. Second Administration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reassured by his heavy election majority in 1832, Jackson indicated early in his second term that the Bank of the United States would no longer be a depository for public funds and ordered them deposited instead in certain state banks called pet banks by Jackson’s enemies. This act eventually destroyed the Bank of the United States, but it also contributed to a financial panic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1835, for the first time in the history of the nation, the national debt was paid off. The government had a surplus of $37,000,000, much of it deposited in the â€Å"pet† banks. The following year Congress voted to divide the federal surplus among the states. The â€Å"pet† banks faced a crisis when the government began to withdraw its funds, leading to the financial and commercial panic of 1837, which occurred after Jackson had left office. Another cause of this panic was Jackson’s Specie Circular of 1836, which ordered that payment for government land be made in gold or silver rather than in paper money. This act was intended to curb land speculation but hurt the Western banks. In foreign relations, Jackson faced few major problems. Relations with Great Britain went smoothly. A long- standing claim against France for damages to American shipping during the Napoleonic Wars caused a crisis in 1835-36 but was settled favorably. Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836, but the United States was not yet involved in its affairs, although Jackson recognized its independence on his last day of office. III. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was a few days short of 70 years of age when he left office-the oldest President until Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was more popular when he retired than when he took office as President. Although in ill health, he remained active in party affairs. An opposition party-the Whigshad been formed during his Presidency, and from that point on the two- party system remained in effect. Jackson died on June 8, 1845. References: Latner, R. B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (University of Georgia, 1979). Remini, R.V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767-1821(Harper Row, 1977). Remini, R.V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833- 1845(Harper Row, 1984). Sabin, Louis. Andrew Jackson: Frontier Patriot (Troll, 1985). Schlesinger, A. M. The Age of Jackson (Little, Brown, 1945).

Elements Of Struggle Between Passion And Reason

Elements Of Struggle Between Passion And Reason In nineteenth century literature a lot of importance was given to passion and emotional appeal in preference to reason and logic. Creative writing and fiction were usually charged with passion and struck a chord with the readers. For any work of fiction or non-fiction the main content needs to have a reasonable plot, theme, structure and organization for it to be of sustained popularity and wide readership. The books included in this study, Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley have elements of both passion and reason even though a clash between these two elements is evident in both stories. Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers, nor stand too silent when the setting sun makes red the veld with fire. Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing, nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much (Paton 101). In the above lines from the story, the writer brings about the struggle between the feelings of ownership and belonging of the protagonist, Stephen Kumalo, and the fear of his beloved country falling apart because of racial discrimination and racial hostilities between the whites and the blacks in South Africa. The other theme of clash is between the route to progress and development for the blacks in urban centers like Johannesburg at the cost of the breaking up of families and tribes in rural South Africa. The dichotomy is between progress and urbanization on the one hand and preserving traditions and strengthening relationships on the other. The main themes are of the clash between the privileged and the colonized, the haves and the have-nots. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley has drawn the readers attention towards the clash between science and the occult. Victor Frankenstein who creates the monster represents reason and the monster represents passion. Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow (Shelley 50). In the above lines, the author has tried to elaborate on the pitfalls that the mere quest for knowledge devoid of responsibility and control can have on mortal lives. So the struggle in this story is between reason in the form of science and scientific invention against the passion of the monster which is a creation of the scientist. Frankenstein is a story of an irresponsible scientist who in the pursuit of knowledge creates a monster that nobody is able to control and the monster continues to perpetrate atrocities and chaos. It is a lesson for the reader to bear in mind that curiosity and the mission to gain knowledge is good but the seeker of knowledge must also be capable of taking responsibility and have courage to bear negative consequences in case a need arises. There are a couple of common themes in both these novels. The colonizing of black people in South Africa and disbanding families and tribes in order to profit from cheap labor created the monster of racial hooliganism and lawlessness in Johannesburg. The whites created the black labor force but did nothing to ensure that they remain happy and rooted. The abject poverty and dire living conditions of the black workers created the rift between the rich mine and factory owners and the displaced black laborers. Similarly in Frankenstein Victor Frankenstein created the monster but did nothing to provide a sense of belonging and ownership which encouraged the monster to feel disowned and become wild. The themes of colonialism and imperialism are present in both novels. It is the struggle between the white and black, the rich and poor, the rulers and the ruled in Alan Patons story while the theme of the creator and the created permeates Mary Shelleys novel. Isolation and the sense of lack of belonging have created both the monster and Absalom. The monster seeks the love and acknowledgment of his creator while Absalom leaves his village, Ndotsheni, to seek knowledge and employment. So both the monster and Absalom feel isolated from their people and take to ways that harms others more than they can control. Stephen Kumalo is the pastor of a small village in South Africa and lives in his own world, quite disconnected with the times and happenings in urbanized centers like Johannesburg. When he comes to Johannesburg to help rehabilitate his sister, Gertrude, he is brought face to face with the realities of life in South Africa. He realizes that his world was collapsing and that the main tragedy of his people was that things like relationships and innocence were breaking down and no one was doing anything to mend them. He says, It suited the white man to break the tribe, but it has not suited him to build something in its place (Paton 46). Stephen Kumalo is a man obsessed with a singular quest to seek his son and rebuild the community. Similarly, Victor Frankenstein is obsessed with seeking knowledge and acquiring power. He wanted to play God and test his ability to give life to an animal (Shelley 51). The conclusion of both the stories engenders calm and relative hope. In the end Absalom realizes his mistake and is reconciled to his fate and Stephen Kumalo is able to bring his sister and Absaloms pregnant wife back to the village to try and rebuild his tribe with the help of James Jarvis. The monster in Frankenstein grieves over the death of his creator and is reconciled to his self-imposed exile in the North Pole and subsequent death. He realizes that his atrocities in order to seek revenge did not yield the desired results and he continued to be abandoned and isolated. In both stories, there is a sense of catharsis with Absalom writing home to his parents and the monster grieving over his master. Even though both ends are tragic there is a faint ray of hope in both novels.

Ghibertis Baptistry Doors 3rd Set :: Essays Papers

Ghibertis Baptistry Doors 3rd Set The work of art that I chose to do my research paper on was Ghiberti's 3rd set of Baptistry Doors. These doors are known as "The Gates of Paradise." The doors were commissioned in 1427; they were finally completed and installed in 1452 at the eastern entrance of the Baptistry of San Giovanni. The replication of the doors is located in San Francisco, at Grace Cathedral. The doors consist of ten square panels, gilded together. Surrounding the panels are small heads, floral motifs, and niches that contain miniature statues of Prophets. Leonardo Bruni created the iconographic formula, taken from stories of the Old Testament. Ghiberti followed the plans and created 10 scenes ranging from the Creation of Adam and Eve to the reign of King Solomon. The top left panel is the scene of the Creation, Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve. The top right panel is the scene of Cain murdering Abel. The next panel is of Noah and the Flood; then Abraham sacrificing Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph being sold into slavery by his brothers; Moses receiving the Ten Commandments; Joshua and the battle of Jericho; David and Goliath; and finally Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. All the panels were gilded in gold, giving them a uniform and seamless perspective. Ghiberti was a master of using perspective in his works. The attention to detail is apparent when you examine closely the sculpted figures in each panel. They all seem three-dimensional. The way in which Ghiberti sculpted each figure, gives them a shadow against the background which is key to the three-dimensional perspective of each figure. The way in which the panels were positioned on the doors is interesting. Instead of using smaller panels, which would allow for more scenes, Ghiberti chose to use large panels that are easy to see. The miniature figures and heads surrounding the ten panels is another interesting point. The full body figures are Prophets. There are 20 prophets surrounding the panels. Most likely they were also taken from the Old Testament. Each of these prophets is in the motion of some type of action. Their action is probably what they were known for and why they became Prophets. Again, Ghiberti gives each a three-dimensional pose. He is past the old ways of symmetry and each figure looks realistic in pose.

Comparing the Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn an

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Native Son Throughout history, great authors have served as sentinels for racism and prejudice in American society. The Mark Twain novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a graphic story of 1840s America that depicts the plight of an uneducated black slave named Jim moved many to empathize with African-Americans. Compassion against the evils of slavery soon spread across the country. A war-torn America abolished slavery in 1865. However, Richard Wright’s 1940 novel, Native Son, a compelling story of the life and death of another black man, Bigger Thomas, makes a convincing argument that slavery in America was still very much alive during that period. Civil rights legislation and enforcement would not come until years later. A generation apart, Jim and Bigger embody the evolution of the black man struggling to be free in American society. On Twain’s Mississippi of the 1840’s, slaves are regarded more as property than human— there is no freedom for the black man. Jim is trapped in a society that trumpets racial hatred; for example, Huck’s father said, â€Å"they told me there was a state†¦where they’d let the nigger vote†¦I says I’ll never vote again† (Twain 35). Early in their travels, Jim and Huck mirror the chasm in black and white relations that plagues America at the time. Blinded by prejudice, Huck seems incapable of recognizing that, much like himself, Jim is scared and running from a life of few choices, towards a dream of independence. Instead, he can only see what society allows him to—the blackness of Jim’s skin. He is reluctant to be seen with Jim because he knows â€Å"People would call [him] a low-down Abolitionist and despise [him] for keeping mum† (50). Even afte... ...e and what kind of work he [can] do† (Wright 394). Bigger’s society collectively denies him freedom to better his life with â€Å"restrictions placed upon Negro education,† authorities â€Å"that make it plain in their every act that they mean to keep Bigger Thomas and his kind within rigid limits,† and real estate operators who have â€Å"agreed among themselves to keep Negroes within ghetto-areas of cities† (394). Unlike Jim, Bigger can’t escape his slavery by running to the free north. His slavery is all-encompassing. Jim only sees freedom at face value, so his can be achieved. He can only hope for freedom in its simplest form†¦ release from the physical shackles of slavery. Bigger’s freedom begins where Jim’s leaves off. Works Cited Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Harper & Row, 1885. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940.

Accounting Statement of Purpose

Hello! I am going to apply to Msc Accounting and Finance Management programme. I would be grateful if you could give me feedback. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: I studied a Bachelor's degree in Accounting. During the undergraduate degree I took a variety of subjects in taxes, finance, auditing, economics, accounting and business management. Taking a variety of subjects in university allowed me to see where my interests and strengths lie.The subjects that grabbed my attention during the final year in the university were taxation, business management and finance. It was through doing these subjects that I discovered I would like to pursue my career in either of these fields. As part of my desire to have a broad knowledge in business management, I wrote the final-year dissertation focused on this field. Which was titled â€Å"How far proper management lead your business to success†. In July 2007, I was hired by one of the big four accountancy firms, where I develop an employment as tax consultant.Through this job, I have understood the important role played by the accountancy in business. Definitely book-keeping, preparing financial statements, establishing and maintaining accurate financial records provide a general overview of how business is doing. In my experience I have realized that accountants specialized in taxation besides technical-legal knowledge, they must have wide knowledge of accounting and its procedures as well as theory to properly evaluate financial information.With this knowledge the consultants must be able to ensure if records are accurate according with government regulations, identify companies' opportunities and provide advice on improving efficiency. The reasons mentioned above besides my long-term goal to pursue a career as a controller encourage me to seek for a professional accounting and finance management program, which allow me to obtain the abilit y to effectively analyze accounting records, interpret financial statements as well as acquired a wide overview regarding management functions within an organization.Selecting a graduate school is not an easy task; there are certain aspects to look at while considering a school. After comparing some accounting and finance programs provide by Dublin universities. I found the MSC at Griffith College like the one that meet my academic and professional goals. Other reasons to choose this colleges are: its prestige, it is recognized as one of the top private universities in Dublin, program' structure which fully meets my academic and professional objectives, the subjects that caught my attention are: international financial management.I am certain that the MSC in accounting and finance management provided by Griffith College will provide a lot of advantages besides helping me to achieve my academic and professional objectives, such as: improve foreign language skills, opportunity to work with people from diverse backgrounds, exposure to new learning environments, cultures, obtain an international perspective and by this way understand other points of view, enhance future job prospects. I am certain that the wide knowledge that the Msc in accounting and finance management provides, will give me with the necessary tools to succeed in my career.

A Comparison of Nurses Essay

A Comparison of Nurses Educated at the Associate-Degree Level versus the Baccalaureate-Degree Level A career in nursing has many possibilities and depending on where one is employed there may be different educational requirements. There are many nurses in the workforce with only their associate’s degree in nursing, but as time passes it seems that the baccalaureate degree is becoming more of an expectation. This brings up the question- is there a difference in the competency of the associate-level nurse from the baccalaureate-level nurse? Studies are showing that there is a difference and patient outcomes are affected by this difference. Differences between the Associate Degree in Nursing and the Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing In order to compare the competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level, one must first compare the requirements to obtain these degrees. The Associate’s Degree in Nursing, abbreviated ADN, is a two-year degree usually earned through a community college. It requires 60 credit hours to complete and upon completion the graduate can apply for licensure through the state in which they will practice. The Bachelors of Science in Nursing, also called BSN, is a four-year degree obtained at a university. It includes the same areas of study and has the same license upon completion of the NCLEX as the ADN nurse, but delves further into nursing theory as well as pathophysiology and technical skills. Many employers require the bachelor’s degree for higher positions in nursing such as clinical managers and nurse specialists. Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level As explained above the bachelor’s degree in nursing requires two more years of education and a much deeper study of nursing theory and pathophysiology than the associate’s degree. The question is does this extra education and focus on nursing theory make a BSN nurse more competent than an ADN nurse. Research suggests there is a significant effect of nurse experience and a significant effect of the percentage of BSN nurses in each hospital (Kendall-Gallagher, Aiken, Sloane &Cimiotti, 2011) in regards to better patient outcomes. To understand the difference one must look at the basic nursing process and how knowledge of nursing theory and pathophysiology affects it. The basic process taught in nursing school in providing patient care is assessment, plan, intervention and evaluation. Assessment is one the first things a nursing student learns. The associate-level and bachelor-level nurse will both have learned this skill in the very first days of nursing school. Both nurses will also be competent with the last step, evaluation of the interventions. The advantage a BSN nurse will have lies in the middle two steps- plan and intervention. The plan and interventions a nurse provides is affected by their decision-making skills and this is based on their education. Plan and Intervention. To determine a patient’s plan of care, one looks at the abnormal assessments and then uses their knowledge of pathophysiology to determine the plan of care. While the BSN nurse will not necessarily have more clinical hours in assessing the patient, they will have taken more classes in pathophysiology than the ADN nurse and therefore may notice a disease process more readily than the ADN nurse. This is where the interventions will occur. Interventions are determined by the nurse based on their decision-making skills. Decision-Making Skills Nursing is a field in which one is given a great amount of autonomy. Therefore much of a patient’s care is affected by a nurse’s decision-making skills. One’s ability to make decisions is affected by many things including past experiences, environment and education. The focus here is education and how the additional study for the BSN affects nurses’ decision-making skills. The BSN nurse will have studied pathophysiology and nursing theory in greater depth than the ADN nurse. This extra knowledge is then applied to the decisions a nurse makes for their patient. These decisions have a great impact on patient outcomes and recent studies have indicated that there is decreased morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates in hospitals that employ larger percentages of baccalaureate prepared nurses (Altman, 2011). Effect of baccalaureate-degree level nurses on patient outcomes In the acute situation the BSN nurse can use their knowledge of pathophysiology in addition to their decision-making skills to decrease morbidity and mortality. Taking into account the greater picture, a more holistic approach based on the BSN nurse’s familiarity with nursing theory, will improve patient outcomes. For example let’s look at a hospital admission for a congestive heart failure exacerbation. Both the ADN and BSN nurse will assess the patient and notice classic signs like shortness of breath and edema. Both nurses will plan on diuresis and paying close attention to respiratory status. The difference will come with the holistic approach that a BSN nurse is more likely to take. The emphasis on the nursing theories that a BSN nurse has studied will allow them to look at the patient as a whole, rather than dealing with only stabilization of symptoms. The knowledge of nursing theory the BSN nurse has will allow them to delve further into why this patient admitted and what they can do to prevent a readmission. The BSN nurse asks questions as to what caused the exacerbation. It may be that the patient needs more teaching on diet and medication compliance. They will ask the patient about their home situation. It’s possible the patient is having financial burdens that have kept them from filling their prescriptions. The BSN nurse is more likely to look at the home situation. The patient may have depression with the diagnosis and need some resources for social support. In regards to King’s theory, nursing’s central goal is to help individuals maintain their health so that they can function in their roles (Creasia, 180). By helping the patient function in their role, the nurse empowers the patient to lead a healthier life. The patient is sent home educated with the resources needed to lead a healthy life and therefore reduces unnecessary hospital admissions. This in turn allows the space available for hospital admissions that are necessary and leads to a healthier community. REFERENCES Altmann, Tanya K. (2011). Registered nurses returning to school for a  bachelors degree in nursing: Issues emerging from a meta-analysis of the research. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 39, (2): 256-72. Creasia, J; Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice. (5th Edition). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Kendall-Gallagher, Deborah; Aiken, Linda H. ; Sloane, Douglas M. ; Cimiotti, Jeannie P. (2011). Nurse Specialty Certification, Inpatient Mortality, and Failure to Rescue. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43, 188-94.